1. INTRODUCTION:

Non-Traditional vegetable oil it is new source of renewable raw materials, it is used in developing environmentally sustainable products.^1-3 The use of vegetable oil can be a more sustainable alternative to the use of petroleum-based chemicals, which are often non-renewable and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. By using renewable raw materials, we can reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources and help to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, using plant and animal-derived oils and fats can also promote the circular economy by utilizing by-products from other industries, such as the food and agricultural sectors. Non-traditional vegetable oils offer a way to diversify the sources of vegetable oils, reducing reliance on a small number of traditional crops like soybean, palm, and rapeseed. This diversification can help mitigate the risks of price fluctuations, supply chain disruptions, and environmental impacts associated with monoculture cropping systems. On-traditional vegetable oils can be produced with lower environmental impacts than traditional vegetable oils. For example, some non-traditional vegetable oils can be produced with lower water requirements, fewer pesticides and fertilizers, and less land use, reducing the carbon footprint and environmental impact of their production.^3-5 On-traditional vegetable oils can offer a potential alternative source of oil for food production, helping to increase food security and reduce reliance on imports. Non-edible oils have several advantages over edible oils, such as lower production costs, as they do not compete with food crops, and lower environmental impacts, as they do not require additional land to be cleared for cultivation. Furthermore, non-edible oils can be used in a variety of applications, such as in the production of soaps, detergents, cosmetics, surfactant, fuel. Overall, the trend towards more eco-friendly products is driving the development and use of renewable raw materials, and this is likely to continue in the years to come.^2-5

2. NON-TRADITIONAL VEGETABLE OILS:

2.1 Jatropha Oil:

Jatropha oil is a Vegetable oil that is extracted from the seeds of the Jatropha seed, The Jatropha plant is belong to the family Euphorbiaceous the botanical name of plant is Jatropha curcas L^{. 4-7.} It can be grown on marginal lands and is a drought-resistant perennial. that are unsuitable for food crops. This makes it a potentially sustainable and environmentally friendly source of energy. It is grown in Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Central and South America, and the Middle East. The plant can grow up to 5-8 meters in height and has a greyish-brown bark. Its leaves are alternate, simple, and green in colour, with a length of 10-15 cm and a width of 5-10 cm. The flowers of Jatropha curcas are small and greenish yellow in colour, with male and female flowers appearing on the same plant.^7-10 The fruit of the Jatropha curcas plant is a capsule that is about 2-4 cm in diameter, and it contains 1-3 black, oily seeds. The Jatropha seed contain the 30-40% oil, with oleic acid (C18:1) as major fatty acid is more than 50% and linoleic acid (C18:2) around 10-16 % which are unsaturated fatty acids. The oil content and fatty acid composition is dependent on the Plant breed, soil, and climate conditions. the Jatropha oil is extracted through both the method mechanical expeller and solvent extraction, the yield is higher in Solvent Extraction method.^8-12

2.2 Kapok Seed Oil:

The Kapok Seed oil is extracted from the kapok seed, the kapok tree is belonged to family of Malvaceae and botanical name is Ceiba Pentandra,^12-15 It is mainly cultivated for its fibre but now days it is cultivated for oil also. The fibre is cotton-like material that is used as a natural filling for pillows, mattresses, and life jackets the tree that can grow up to 70 meters in height. It has a straight, cylindrical trunk with buttresses at the base, and a broad, spreading crown with large, palmate leaves that are bright green in colour. It is a hardy tree that can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy and clay soils, and can tolerate both dry and wet conditions. The trees can also be propagated through vegetative propagation methods such as air-layering or grafting. The trees can produce seed pods for up to 100 years,^13-17 The pods can be harvested by hand or by using machines, and the seeds can be extracted by solvent extraction. The oil content is 25-30 % in seed. The major fatty acid is unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (C18:1) as is 25-30% and linoleic acid (C18:2) around 30-40 %. The kapok tree is an environmentally friendly crop, as it requires minimal resources to grow and does not require fertilizers or pesticides.^16-18

2.3 Tobacco Seed Oil:

The Tobacco seed Oil is extracted from the Tobacco seed. It is belonged to family Solanaceae and the botanical name is Nicotiana tabacum, this tree cultivated for produce the tobacco leaf which is used in tobacco product like cigarettes.^19-21 The tobacco seed is by-product of tobacco leaf process industry. Tobacco plants are typically grown in warm climates with well-drained soil, and they require a lot of sunlight and moisture to grow. The plants can reach a height of 6 feet (1.8 meters) and have large, green leaves that can grow up to 2 feet (0.6 meters) long. The tobacco seeds are small and round, and they are typically brown or black in colour. Each seed is about 1-2 millimetres in size and can produce a mature tobacco plant that grows to be several feet. The oil content of tobaccos seeds around the 36 to 41 % and major fatty acid is unsaturated the main fatty acid is acid oleic acid (C18:1) as is 8-12% and linoleic acid (C18:2) more than 60%. the tobacco seed oil has many applications like, medicinal uses and natural insecticide, fuel production.^21-23

2.4 Hempseed Oil:

The Hemp seed oil is extracted from hemp seed, it is belonged to the family of Cannabaceae. The botanical name is Cannabis sativa L. the Hemp plant is a strong, fragrant, upright annual herb. The hollow stalks, except for the tip and base, are thin and cane-like. The blooms are tiny and greenish yellow, and the leaves have a complex, palmate structure. On the pistillate, or female, plants, seed-producing flowers grow in elongated spikelike clusters. on staminate, or male, plants, pollinating flowers cluster into many-branched clusters. The cultivation of hempseed is do for many applications like mainly for its fibre, medicinal, food supplement, biodiesel. The oil content in hemp seed is around 30-35% and contain more than 70% of Unsaturated fatty acid.^24-27

2.5 Rubber Seed Oil:

The rubber seed oil is extracted from the rubber seed. The rubber seed is getting from the rubber tree it belongs to family of Euphorbiaceae the botanical name is Hevea brasiliensis. It mainly cultivated for getting rubber the seed is the biproduct of rubber industry. The rubber tree is native to the Amazon rainforest in South America. It is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world, including in Southeast Asia, Africa, and India. The rubber tree is a tall, fast-growing tree that can reach up to 100 feet (30 meters) in height. It has broad, glossy leaves and produces small, inconspicuous flowers. The tree requires a warm, humid climate and well-draining soil to grow well. The Rubber seed oil content is around 40-50% and major fatty acid is composition is unsaturated fatty acid more than 50%.ts potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological properties.^28-31

2.6 Wild Safflower Oil:

The wild Safflower oil is extracted from the safflower Seed. The wild safflower belongs to family of Asteraceae and the Botanical name is Carthamus oxyacantha. is native to the Mediterranean region, including North Africa and parts of Europe. It is commonly known as the prickly safflower or the holly-leaved safflower. This plant species is an annual herb that can grow up to 1 meter in height. It has spiny, holly-like leaves and small, yellow flowers that bloom in the summer. The seeds of the plant are small and have a high oil content is around 28-30 % and grow in waste land and major fatty acid composition is unsaturated greater than 60%.^32-33

2.7 Karanja Oil:

Karanja oil is a vegetable oil that is derived from the Karanja seeds. Karanja belongs to family of Fabaceae – Papilionoideae and the botanical name is Pongamia pinnata tree the tree is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. The oil is a non-edible oil and is mainly used for industrial purposes, such as in soap-making, biofuel production, and as a lubricant. The oil content around 27-39%. Karanja oil contains high levels of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and palmitic acid (C16:0), which are unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the oil varies depending on the geographic origin of the plant and the environmental conditions.^30-32

2.8 Neem Oil:

The neem oil is extorted form the neem seed, it belongs to family of Meliaceae, which is also known as the mahogany family. The botanical name is Azadirachta indica. it has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine and Ayurveda, and is now widely used in agriculture, cosmetics, and as an insecticide and natural pesticide. The neem seed contain the 40-45%, with oleic acid (C18:1) 30-50% and linoleic acid (C18:2) around 6-17 %.^37-40

3. APPLICATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL VEGETABLE OILS:

3.1 Bio Lubricants:

Bio lubricants are lubricants that are derived from renewable biological resources, such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and biodegradable synthetic esters. They offer a more sustainable alternative to petrochemical-based lubricants, which are derived from non-renewable fossil fuels and can have negative impacts on the environment. Non-Traditional Vegetable oils, such as Jatropha, sunflower, Karanja, Neem, are commonly used to produce bio lubricants.^41-42 These oils have several advantages over petrochemical-based lubricants, including higher viscosity indices, higher flash points, and better biodegradability. Bio lubricants are also less toxic and can be used in applications where environmental regulations are strict. Bio lubricants have a wide range of applications in various industries, including food, fuel, bio lubricants, coatings and paints, adhesives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, construction materials, automotive, marine, and aviation industries.^42-43 They are used to lubricate engines, transmissions, gearboxes, and hydraulic systems. They are also used in metalworking and cutting applications, as well as in the food industry for food-grade lubrication. They also have a lower environmental impact, as they are biodegradable and do not contribute to the accumulation of toxic pollutants. The use of vegetable oils to produce bio lubricants is a promising solution to reduce the negative impact of mineral lubricants on the environment and address the depletion of non-renewable petroleum resources. Further research and development are needed to optimize the properties of vegetable oil-based bio lubricants and make them more widely available in the market.^42-50

3.2 Bio Diesel:

Bio Diesel is alluring fuel that can be used to cleaner alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. because it produces fewer harmful emissions when burned, such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and particulate matter. It is also biodegradable and non-toxic, which makes it safer to handle and transport than conventional diesel fuel.^51-53 The biodiesel is the primary source of biodiesel production is edible crops. However, overusing these edible crops for mass biodiesel production could deplete the food supply and create an economic imbalance also can lead to deforestation and food shortages, especially in developing countries where food scarcity is a pressing issue. Using non-traditional oil as a feedstock could be a way to get around the current biodiesel production constraints. The used of Jatropha, Karanja, Hempseed oil, Rubber seed oil, Tobacco seed oil. Non-traditional oil, which can grow on waste and unproductive land, are a more sustainable alternative. Additionally, non-edible oils may contain toxic substances, making them less suitable for food consumption.^54-57 Using non-edible oils for biodiesel production can help reclaim degraded land and ensure food security. While the cost of producing biodiesel from edible oils is high, non-edible oils are a more economical choice for developing countries Biodiesel can be used in a variety of applications, including transportation, heating, and electricity generation. Its production and use are supported by many countries around the world as a means of reducing dependence on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.^56-60

3.3 Bio based Surfactant:

The bio-based surfactant is based on Plant sources type of surfactant that is derived from vegetable oils The used of surfactant based on the non-conventional oil seed.to reduce the impact on eco-system because it is biodegradable. The non-conventional crops can grow in waste and unproductive land which may be helpful for reclaiming the land.^61-65 The application of these surfactant into many industries to reduce the impact on eco -system. Surfactants are one of the most difficult emerging contaminants that wastewater treatment facilities regularly release into the environment. Due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, surfactants are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications However, environmental sustainability and thriving ecosystems are greatly concerned by the persistence of the transformed products in the environment.^63-67Overall, non-traditional oil-based surfactants offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional, petroleum-based surfactants, and are becoming increasingly popular in various industries. It also has low toxicity and is considered safe for use in different industry like, textile ,leather, paint, detergent, pharma, dyes.^66-68 the performance of a new synthetic surfactant produced from Jatropha Curcas seed was compared with that of a selected commercial surfactant in the presence of an alkaline and this shows that the non-edible Jatropha oil is a natural, inexpensive and a renewable source of energy for the production of anionic surfactants and a good substitute for commercial surfactants.⁶⁷

3.4 Natural Pesticide:

The Non-Traditional oil contain some active ingredient that make the oil nonedible, but this active can be helpful to control the pest and used in agriculture. Because of their natural origin and environmental friendliness, oil-based pesticides currently have great potential. Furthermore, oil-based pesticides are also very potent insecticides and due to their composition, they can help to fight the global problem of insects developing resistance to insecticides. Botanical insecticides are isolated natural chemicals from plants. Such preparations might be thought of as an alternative to synthetic chemical compounds, but mammalian toxicity is not always reduced by using them. However, botanical insecticides do not persist in the tissues of plants or animals and easily decompose in the soil.^68-69 The oil used for natural pesticide are Neem, Karanja, Jatropha, Castor. Non-traditional vegetable oils, such as Neem oil and Karanja oil, are emerging as natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides. These oils contain active ingredients that deter pests and insects without harming beneficial organisms or the environment. Neem oil, extracted from the seeds of the Neem tree, is a potent insecticide and fungicide, effectively controlling a wide range of pests and diseases. Karanja oil, derived from the seeds of the Karanja tree, exhibits insecticidal and anti-feed ant properties, protecting crops from insect damage. The use of natural pesticides based on non-traditional vegetable oils promotes sustainable agriculture practices and reduces the risk of environmental contamination and human health hazards associated with synthetic pesticides.^67-70

3.5 Bio-Plastic

The Bioplastic is material derived from renewable sources and biodegradable. This help to reduce the impact on environment. The composition of bio polymeric material is less, but now increase the trends towards sustainability, now the composition is increase. The used of Non-traditional oil for manufacturing the bio polymer, it is good alternate to petroleum-based product.^71-74 Non-traditional oil oils have a number of active sites for functionalization, including ester groups and double bonds on unsaturated fatty acids that can be chemically changed by acrylation, transesterification, metathesis, and epoxidation reactions to generate the bio-based material.^71-75 It is also popular to combine various bio-based polymers to increase their adaptability and effectiveness in terms of biodegradability and recyclability.^75-80

4. CONCLUSION:

Non-Traditional vegetable oils as sustainable resources have the potential to offer significant benefits for the environment and for society as a whole. By reducing our reliance on non-renewable resources and promoting sustainability, we can mitigate the impacts of climate change and promote a circular economy. Expanding the variety of vegetable oils by incorporating unconventional oil sources can play a role in mitigating environmental impacts.Top of Form of monoculture cropping systems and increase food security. With the growing demand for eco-friendly products, the use of renewable raw materials such as non-traditional vegetable oils are likely to continue to grow in importance in the years to come. The used of these oils into bio-lubricants, biodiesel, surfactant, Bioplastic.

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Received on 14.12.2023 Accepted on 13.01.2024

Int. J. Tech. 2024; 14(1):59-65.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-3915.2024.00009